The relationship between low-income status and non-communicable diseases in Nasarawa State
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Background of the Study:
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are increasingly recognized as major public health challenges in developing regions. In Nasarawa State, low-income status is believed to play a critical role in the prevalence and severity of NCDs. Individuals in low-income households often face barriers to healthy living, including limited access to nutritious food, safe recreational spaces, and quality healthcare services (Okoro, 2023). Financial constraints may also lead to higher stress levels and unhealthy lifestyle choices, which contribute to the onset and progression of NCDs.
Economic hardship influences dietary habits, physical activity levels, and access to preventive healthcare, all of which are significant risk factors for non-communicable diseases. In Nasarawa State, many low-income communities lack the resources necessary to maintain a balanced diet, leading to an increased reliance on inexpensive, calorie-dense, and nutrient-poor foods. This dietary pattern, coupled with sedentary lifestyles and chronic stress, contributes to the development of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes (Ibrahim, 2024). Moreover, low-income individuals often delay seeking medical attention until their condition has worsened, further complicating the management of NCDs.
Public health initiatives have aimed to address these issues by promoting lifestyle changes and increasing access to healthcare; however, the socioeconomic disparities in Nasarawa State continue to impede progress. The relationship between low-income status and NCDs is complex and multifactorial, requiring comprehensive strategies that address both the economic and behavioral determinants of health. Recent studies suggest that interventions targeting the social determinants of health, such as improving education, employment opportunities, and access to healthcare, can significantly reduce the burden of NCDs among low-income populations (Fatima, 2025).
This study aims to investigate the relationship between low-income status and non-communicable diseases in Nasarawa State by analyzing socioeconomic indicators alongside health outcomes, and by evaluating the effectiveness of current public health interventions in mitigating these disparities.
Statement of the Problem :
In Nasarawa State, non-communicable diseases are on the rise, particularly among individuals from low-income households. The financial constraints experienced by these populations hinder access to nutritious food, safe environments for physical activity, and preventive healthcare services. Consequently, low-income communities are disproportionately affected by NCDs, resulting in higher morbidity and mortality rates. Despite ongoing public health initiatives aimed at reducing the prevalence of NCDs, the underlying socioeconomic determinants remain inadequately addressed (Umar, 2023).
The challenges are multifaceted: low-income individuals often prioritize immediate survival needs over long-term health investments, and the lack of financial resources contributes to unhealthy lifestyle choices. Additionally, delays in seeking medical care due to cost concerns exacerbate disease progression and complicate treatment. These issues underscore the need for a deeper understanding of the link between low-income status and non-communicable diseases in Nasarawa State. Without targeted interventions that address the root socioeconomic causes, efforts to control NCDs are unlikely to achieve sustainable improvements in public health.
This study seeks to fill the knowledge gap by examining how low-income status influences the prevalence and outcomes of non-communicable diseases in Nasarawa State. By identifying the key socioeconomic barriers and assessing the effectiveness of current health interventions, the study aims to provide actionable recommendations for reducing the burden of NCDs among economically disadvantaged populations.
Objectives of the Study:
- To assess the prevalence of non-communicable diseases among low-income populations in Nasarawa State.
- To examine the socioeconomic factors contributing to NCD risk.
- To recommend integrated public health strategies to mitigate NCD disparities.
Research Questions:
- What is the prevalence of NCDs among low-income households in Nasarawa State?
- How do socioeconomic factors influence the risk and progression of NCDs?
- What interventions can effectively reduce NCD prevalence in low-income communities?
Research Hypotheses:
- H1: Low-income status is significantly associated with a higher prevalence of non-communicable diseases.
- H2: Financial constraints and poor access to quality food and healthcare mediate the relationship between low income and NCDs.
- H3: Integrated socioeconomic and health interventions will lower NCD incidence among low-income populations.
Scope and Limitations of the Study:
The study focuses on selected rural and urban low-income communities in Nasarawa State. Limitations include potential self-reporting bias in income data and challenges in attributing health outcomes solely to socioeconomic status.
Definitions of Terms:
- Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs): Chronic diseases that are not passed from person to person, such as heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension.
- Low-Income Status: A condition characterized by limited financial resources, typically measured against established poverty thresholds.
- Socioeconomic Determinants: Factors such as income, education, and employment that influence health outcomes.
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